I recently trapped an Opossum and was surprised to see its young in its pouch. Could you provide some information about marsupials?
Thanks,
Kevin
Charlotte, NC
Kevin,
Check out: http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/opossum
Enjoy creation,
grant
March 2, 2016
Ben,
I recommend soybeans over clover for Tennessee. Clover rarely does well during the antler growing season that far south. Soybeans are also easier to grow and keep weed free.
Trappers use scents to attract coyotes to their sets. There are several shows and tips about trapping at http://www.GrowingDeer.com! Click on the videos tab and then on trapping or predators!
Enjoy creation,
grant
March 2, 2016
Jeremy,
Most states have different requirements for getting a trapping license. I don’t know what state you are in but am confident you will pass the test if you study!
I prefer dipping my traps in wax. Wax is a great lubricant and allows traps to snap rapidly.
Most trappers, including myself, prefer to cross stake or use two stakes to secure traps. Coyotes tend to jump when in a trap and can pump a single stake out of the ground.
I welcome another trapper among our fold!!
grant
March 2, 2016
Jacob,
We carry a Rossi S.A. in a .22 LR caliber on the trap line. It is small compact and accurate. It has suited us well for many years!
GrowingDeer together,
Matt Dye
2016-02-22
If I should leave them in place for a while longer….how often should I refresh the bait and lure?
Luke,
I’ve had traps out for a month before catching a coyote. As long a the trap is bedded well and isn’t frozen in the ground or washed out by rain, I don’t add any additional lure. I’ve had coyotes come work where lure was many weeks earlier.
If the traps have been sprung or you suspect detected by coyotes then it may be time to move and try a new location or set type.
Enjoy creation,
grant
February 21, 2016
Armend,
Coyotes certainly can respond to better habitat (more prey and less pressure) by producing more pups. Many species respond to improved habitat by having a higher recruitment rate. However, to blanketly say that fawn recruitment can’t be increased by reducing the number of predators isn’t true. There are many published and unpublished examples where the reduction of coyotes has resulted in significant increases in fawn survival. You may search for and read Benson et al. that was published 30+ years ago in Texas based on research at the Weller Wildlife Research area. More recently check out VanGilder et al (2009). They reported 100+% increase in fawn recruitment due to removing coyotes.
Just as importantly researchers from the University of Georgia recently reported that deer are extremely stressed by coyote activity even if when deer aren’t harmed by the coyotes. No doubt deer populations can benefit from removing coyotes.
Enjoy creation,
grant
February 7, 2016
I was wondering if you would be kind enough to break down the importance of predator control. I have been trying to do some coyote trapping this winter and it has been tough. My reason for wanting a brief breakdown of the importance is my wife is 100% against me and thinks I am being rude, evil, you name it. She isn’t against me hunting deer, turkey, etc. but does not understand the want or need for catching/killing coyotes. She says it’s rude because I do not plan to eat it and thinks the taking of an animal for fur or population control is not right. She believes “it’s nature’s job and they were here first.” I’m fighting a loosing battle and want some professional insight to break this down in a way she could better understand the importance.
John,
Many folks view predators as harmless or only killing weak or sick prey species. This is most likely based on Disney and other fictional works. It is absolutely not true.
When predator populations increase to levels where prey species can’t reproduce fast enough to replenish themselves or meet overall management goals then the predator populations should be reduced. Current research in multiple states have shown predators (primarily coyotes) killing 70% +- of all newborn fawns. 70%!
Deer populations decline rapidly when fawn recruitment is reduced by 70%.
Researchers place GPS transmitters in a doe’s viginia before the rut. When the fawn is born it pushes the transmitter out and the change in temperature triggers a signal change that alerts researchers to exactly when and where fawns are born. Most fawns are killed by coyotes within the first four hours. Researchers swab the site and use traces of blood and hair to do genetic testing and determine the species, gender, and individual identification of the predator. This is cutting edge research and when first published researchers were shocked at the percentage of fawns killed within four hours of birth by coyotes in some areas. You won’t hear about this on Disney.
I always stress “managing for a balance.” Where predator populations are far below what prey populations can handle I’m for limiting predator harvest or protecting them.
Working for a balance is good conservation. Preservation is rarely good conservation. Currently wolves in northern Minnesota are contributing to a significant reduction of moose in that area. Both wolves and moose are protected. Without intervention from mankind it’s very likely the moose in that area will go extinct within the foreseeable future. What a shame that preservationists will allow their unfounded beliefs to cause a majestic species to go extinct.
Mankind has significantly altered the habitat. Without active management many populations of both predators and prey will be reduced greatly. Active management is very sound conservation.
If your wife refuses to accept facts and views predators based solely on emotions, no amount of data will change her mind.
Enjoy creation,
Grant
January 24, 2016
Jared,
If you enjoy trapping and predator hunting then you should continue!! There’s many recent research projects that show focused efforts to balance predator and prey species populations producing great results! Depending on the intensity of your efforts, you may or may not significantly reduce the number of predators where you hunt. However, as the director of Virginia’s game department said recently “I’ve never seen a dead coyote eat a fawn.”
There are many factors that influence coyote and other predators’ reproductive rates. “Casual” hunters/trappers should not be discouraged!
Enjoy creation,
grant
January 21, 2016
Seth,
Multiple researchers have reported fawn hair in raccoon scat. Raccoons are opportunistic feeders. If other food sources are easier to obtain than fawns than I doubt raccoons take many fawns in that area. However, fawns are a very easy high protein meal for a few weeks. There’s often not many other high protein food sources that are as easy to obtain as fawns during that time of year.
Currently raccoon pelt prices are very low. Not many raccoons are being removed by fur trappers. When there population is high they can have a substantial impact on local fawn populations!
Enjoy creation,
grant
January 21, 2016
William,
That is a great question! We use all Duke Traps (http://www.duketraps.com/) for whatever predator we are trying to manage. They have over 30 different trap type models. So, they will have any type of trap that you are looking for.
You can watch the video at the link provided to learn more about creating a successful trap site for coyotes. (https://www.growingdeer.tv/?ep=how-to-make-a-dirt-hole-set-trapping-coyotes&#/trapping-coyotes-how-to-make-a-dirt-hole-set)
I hope you are successful in your trapping efforts!
GrowingDeer Together,
Matt Dye
2016-1-14
Bert,
Many folks do eat raccoon. Many trapper supplement their income by selling the raccoon carcasses. That market seems regional and isn’t very viable where I live. I had Tracy (my wife) a large quilt made out of raccoon pelts for Christmas – trimmed with coyote!
Enjoy creation,
grant
December 31, 2015
Tim,
You are correct that I used inexpensive cheap dog food as bait to trap raccoons. It worked well! However when trapping the same property year after year critters can get conditioned to avoiding baits/attractants. I switched to fish food as it has a stronger odor and is relatively inexpensive when purchased in 40 pound bags. I still prefer egg shells (from breakfast!) and other visual attractors as well as an odorous food source.
When trapping properties that haven’t been trapped recently dog food, peanut butter, etc., works great!
Enjoy creation,
grant
December 29, 2015
Great show!
~Andrew
Andrew,
I don’t have a lot of experience trapping in snow. It snows where I live in Missouri, but rarely is there snow cover for more than a week at a time.
Enjoy creation,
grant
December 3, 2015
What precautions do I need to take and what level of concern should I have as a beginner trapper with regard to raccoons carrying worms? Should I be concerned handling, skinning or eating them? I plan to wear gloves.
I hope your father is doing well.
Thanks,
Kevin
Charlotte NC
Kevin,
I don’t believe you should have any more concern with dressing a raccoon than a deer or squirrel. I use common precautions such as wearing gloves, using a different knife for skinning, etc., as I don’t for preparing meat to be consumed.
Enjoy creation,
grant
November 27, 2015
Carl,
Fur prices are very low! Trappers won’t likely remove as many predators this fall and in some areas the predator/prey balance will shift toward predators. I will trap and give the tanned pelts away as gifts and/or have some garments or blankets made for Mrs. Tracy!
Some folks are vacuum sealing and freezing the furs until the market recovers.
Enjoy creation,
grant
November 23, 2015
Justin,
Research has clearly shown that coyotes, bobcats, and black bears can have a significant impact on fawn survival rates.
Wolves certainly can have a big impact on fawn survival. It’s good management to work toward finding a balance between predators and prey species.
Enjoy creation,
Grant
November 19, 2015
We are taking over my grandparents farm and the guy we lease it to for cattle offered me $100 for every coyote. Can i use foot traps with cattle around?
Tyler,
Cattle have such large feet that there’s no danger of them getting caught in a normal foothold trap. In fact, trappers commonly set such traps in cattle pasture with no issues!
There’s several GrowingDeer episodes that show how to use foothold traps. For example, check out:
https://www.growingdeer.tv/#/trapping-coyotes-how-to-make-a-dirt-hole-set
Enjoy creation,
grant
November 5, 2015
I’m hunting in Northeastern Oklahoma and put out my first bag of corn one week ago last Saturday. I went to check my camera this past Saturday and almost all my corn was gone and I had 521 pictures. The bad news is I have 500 pictures of raccoons.
What can I do to keep the raccoons away so I can get more deer into the corn?
Thank you for you time.
Mike
Mike,
I have read studies on supplemental feeding based out of Texas. In the studies they examined the percentage of feed actually consumed by deer. The results showed that only 30% of feed was consumed by deer. All the other corn was consumed by raccoons and other non-target species.
With that being said the best way to rid of the raccoons is to trap aggressively. We use Duke dogproof traps to successfully remove raccoons each trapping season. To see effective results, trapping should be done on a yearly basis. This episode will help you get started trapping those critters!
https://www.growingdeer.tv/#/trapping-tips-predator-populations
Growing deer together,
Matt
Sincerely,
Joe Wilkerson
Mr. Wilderson,
In most areas sorghum does best when planted during the early to mid summer. Depending on the variety sorghum usually requires 75 or more days to mature. I doubt sorghum will produce grain if planted this late – even in east Texas. Sorghum seed is relatively hardy and the seed should keep till next summer if stored in a cool, dry location.
All of our episodes are available 24/7/365 at http://www.GrowingDeer.tv. We don’t have any of the episodes available on DVD, etc.
I get all of the traps I use from http://www.DukeTraps.com or http://www.BassPro.com. There’s some neat instructions about how to prepare traps, etc., at http://www.tacticaltrappingservices.com.
My father is 84 and will be hunting with me later this week. I hope you are blessed with many more years of hunting!
Enjoy creation,
grant
Thanks,
Michael
I tried to attached a copy of the article.
Michael,
I haven’t read C.J. Winand’s article titled Coyote Update.
I suspect he’s referencing research that showed coyotes can be very mobile and tend to fill areas/territories that aren’t defended by other coyotes. One of the grad students I helped advise published the results of removing coyotes just before and during fawning season. There was an amazing response in fawn survival! You can read about that work at: https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/vangilder_cory_l_200808_ms.pdf
However, in many states, including where I live in Missouri coyote trapping season closes well before fawning season. That doesn’t mean there aren’t benefits to trapping coyotes during the winter. I’ve trapped at my place for years. Through the years we’ve noticed an improved fawn survival rate. It seems trapping during the winter requires many more years to achieve the same results at trapping just prior to or during the fawning season.
As the State Director of Wildlife in Virginia said recently “…dead coyotes don’t eat deer…” If the predator/prey population is out of balance where you hunt, I encourage you to remove coyotes whenever you legally can.
Enjoy creation,
grant
I really enjoy your Growingdeer.tv!
Mark
Mark,
Turkey poults usually pip or open one end of the egg shell to get out.Some of the shells appear that a chick was successfully hatched. Othershells have been crunched by a predator, etc. Most predators would destroyall eggs, not just one or two.
I suspect the chicks hatched normally and then a predator found the nextand busted a few shells by stepping on them, etc.
Hopefully the chicks are still alive and growing!!
Enjoy creation,
Grant
Thank You
Andrew
Andrew,
I really enjoy trapping! I enjoy the activity and working to balance the predator/prey populations! There are not many red fox where I live due to high numbers of coyotes. In fact, we saw three coyotes in the yard today.
We have a lot of raccoons. I trap raccoons to reduce the number of nest predators during the turkey nesting season. Each fall more raccoons disperse back into my property as there is not much trapping pressure in the surrounding area.
I’ve been using Duke cage trap for years with great success! These traps are very easy and quick to set and almost failproof! I use sweet baits (peanut butter, marsh mellows, orange slice candies, etc., during the early fall and more meat based baits once the temperatures get colder. This rotation of baits has proven very successful for me!
Enjoy creation!
I use Moyle Mink & Tannery (http://www.moytown.com/). The quality of work is excellent and prices are reasonable.
KaseyQuestion I was wondering about trapping around the area where I deer hunt. My worry is that I will run the deer out by driving to check traps daily. Will that happen?
I set traps very close to the private roads inside my property. Deer are conditioned and accept me driving these roads. I believe the benefits for trapping far outweigh any negative impacts. Unless vehicles are rare on the property where you hunt I doubt it will have a negative impact or alert the herd if you locate the traps close to the roads and obviously avoid food plots, etc. Thanks for watching GrowingDeer.tv!
I am very much interested in trapping raccoons. I have purchased a half dozen Duke dog proof coon traps to start, as per your videos. I have been to several web sites looking for trapping information on how to prep the traps and have come away confused. The last video with the pro trapper on trapping coyotes and bobcats was great and gave me more info on the sets but not on prepping the trap and tie-down cables, etc. This is where I lack the most knowledge. Any recommended reading? I’ve searched your FAQ, etc. but have not found what I’m looking for. Thank you for your help and I continue to enjoy all your video postings. Thanks again, Charles Question
I either use rebar to stake down my Duke DP traps or use a D loop (buy at Lowes, etc.) and some 1/8″ cable with fastened loops at both ends. I place the cable around a tree and through one loop and then fasten the loop to the chain on the DP trap with the D Loop. This is quicker and easier than driving stakes. The D Loop is a quick link that screws closed. The snap closed links will open if a critter or the cable hits them right. How the cables are made isn’t as important as insuring they will hold the critter when they tug. You may wish to view past episodes about trapping by looking in our archives. Go to this link and page down and on the left you will see a Trapping section. In those episodes I think you’ll find all the info you are seeking.
Thanks for watching GrowingDeer.tv!
I am a believer in recycling and using every part possible in the game I harvest. I recently trapped a big male raccoon and was wondering if I could use the carcass to attract other predators and if so what kind of set would be best? I know that coyotes will eat muskrats and groundhogs but those aren’t vegetarians. Thank you, Ryan Question
Ryan,
Yes, other predators are certainly attracted to the carcasses from your trap line! It seems most prefer bobcat – but will come to raccoon carcasses, etc.
Good trapping!
Grant
Do you eat the animals you trap such as the raccoons, opossum, and foxes?
Alex
Alex,
No, I do not eat most of the predators I trap. These animals are generally not considered to be table fare. However, I do tan their hides and use them to educate school children and others interested in wildlife. They are also used as decorative pieces in my home and as gifts to friends.
Growing Deer together,
Grant
Ryan
Ryan,
I do record the species, gender, and weight of each critter trapped at The Proving Grounds. I haven’t analyzed the data, but is certainly appears that there are fewer raccoons and opossums at The Proving Grounds for awhile after trapping season. However, by August there are several raccoons visiting our camera survey bait sites again. Another measure is that I’ve caught 45 to 55 raccoons and opossums each year for the past four years at The Proving Grounds. The critters I catch are now almost all male and yearlings. It appears I’m removing a high percentage of the predators, but yearling males disperse and fill the open habitat by the next year. However, effectiveness should be measured by the number of predators that are still reduced during the fawning and nesting season. I haven’t addressed when the predators are recolonizing after trapping with a research project. The turkey population has increased substantially at The Proving Grounds during the past few years, but I can’t state with certainty the relationship between this increase and removing predators.
Trapping is a viable wildlife management tool. With fur prices being significantly reduced for years, it seems the predator/prey populations are out of balance in many areas.
Growing Deer together,
Grant
Grant, As a novice hunter I spend a lot of time trying to separate fact from fiction and folklore. I’ve been told that you can process a pelt using the organs of the animal i.e. brains, liver, etc. Is this fact, fiction, or folklore? Thanks for GrowingDeer.tv. I’m learning a lot from your site. RJ Question
RJ,
I’ve read about using brains from some critters to tan pelts. However, I don’t have any experience with that technique. Let me know if you give it a try.
Growing Deer together,
Grant
Hi Dr. Grant, I just watched your latest video on trapping (GDTV #63). What method do you use to dispatch the animals you trap? I have really learned a lot from your videos. Thanks for all the good information. Tom Question
Tom,
I use a .22 caliber rifle or pistol and administer a single shot to the head. This provides a quick and humane result.
I always consider what’s behind the target, and unload the .22 before continuing with my activities.
Growing Deer together,
Grant
Grant, I would like to try coyote hunting but I don’t know how to start. Will you have a episode about coyote hunting? Edward Question
Edward,
I enjoy coyote hunting and consider it a part of my deer management work.
Coyotes currently have a large negative impact on deer herds throughout much of the whitetails’ range. I do plan to film a coyote hunt or two in the next few weeks.
Growing Deer together,
Grant
Grant, I am 16 years old and love to hunt and fish. I spend more time in the field than at home. I noticed you used dogless traps in your video and I am very interested in them. Will you let me know who they are made by and how to find them? Thanks, Bobby Question
Bobby,
I was using Lil Griz traps. They are for sale at several websites. I shared some additional tips that I’ve learned about using Lil Griz traps on GDTV 63. They are a great style of dogless trap for raccoons, opossums, and even a few gray foxes.
Growing Deer together,
Grant
How do you shoot a raccoon in a box trap with a .22 and not have the bullet bounce off the wire and hit your body? Do you open the trap and shoot them when they come out? David Question
David,
I simply apply the same gun safety rules that apply to every shot. These include never pointing the muzzle at anything you don’t wish to shoot.
I always consider the bullet path and background. I shoot through the trap at very close range (no chance of hitting the wire) and make sure the area behind the target is safe. I always wear hearing protection, and unload the weapon as soon as the raccoon is dispatched.
Growing Deer together,
Grant
Grant, I enjoyed your GrowingDeer.tv segment on raccoon trapping (GDTV 58). We have a real problem on our farm. Do you have a preferred bait for raccoons that the squirrels don’t prefer? We seem to have more squirrels springing our traps than coons! We currently use Havahart traps. Do you have a recommended size for coons, and do you prefer a 1-door or a 2-door model? Thanks so much for your advice! John Question
John,
I use inexpensive dog food with small kibble size. Raccoons, opossums, and even foxes are attracted to dog food. Yes, squirrels will sometimes consume the bait, but crows seem worse! I like to toss some bait across the road/trail where the trap is set to increase the attractiveness of the set. However, crows are bad to consume that bait before dark.
I like the single door traps and typically use live traps with a 8” x 8” or 9’ x 9” opening. I like the smaller traps as then I can haul more in a truck.
Growing Deer (and trapping) together,
Grant
Dear Grant, My property consists of about 400 acres of hardwood swamp bottom in southeast Virginia. In 15 years of hunting this property I have killed two gobblers during spring. Each fall our food plots are covered with large flocks of hens and a few gobblers here and there. When spring arrives they are nowhere to be found. No sign in the woods and definitely no vocalizations. I watched your segment last year on trapping raccoons and the potential effects they can have on turkey populations (GDTV 10). After seeing this I took it upon myself to do a raccoon trapping survey which I started this winter. During bow season it was not uncommon to see 5 to 9 raccoons on their feet at dusk from the stand. This leads me to believe our property has a serious raccoon population which may have altered the nesting habits of hens in the spring. Do you feel that this could be possible or is my theory going out on a bit of a limb? Any input would be greatly appreciated. Thanks and take care! Carter Question
Carter,
Raccoons and other predators can certainly reduce the number of eggs and poults that survive significantly! For that reason alone I trap raccoons at The Proving Grounds. However, I’m not sure a high raccoon population explains why all turkeys would leave your property during the spring. I suspect there may be other factors. For example, is there better nesting and brooding habitat on the neighboring properties? If that’s the case, especially if it’s been that way for years, then I suspect the hens have developed a pattern of leaving your property during the spring and the gobblers simply follow them. I suggest you aggressively trap raccoons and other predators and inventory the nesting and brooding habitat on your and the neighboring properties. By addressing both of these, I strongly suspect the quality of the turkey hunting at your place will improve.
Growing Deer together,
Grant
I am having trouble with coyotes and I was wondering what would be the best route to take to resolve this problem?
David
David,
The most efficient legal method to remove coyotes is trapping, especially just prior to and during fawning season. Coyotes are difficult to catch, and seem to become conditioned to avoiding traps rapidly. I made the mistake of trying some ineffective trapping techniques for coyotes the first year at The Proving Grounds. I basically educated most of the local adult coyotes and made them trap shy. Since then, I’ve been involved in some research projects where a professional trapper was used on properties that hadn’t been trapped for years. The catch rate was very high as the local coyote population was naive about traps. Hence, using a professional trapper is the best method to reduce local coyote populations. Because coyotes are very mobile and disperse frequently, it is necessary to trap annually to keep the local coyote population in check. Several research projects confirm that surrounding coyote populations will fill the void created by removing coyotes from a specific property.
Growing Deer together,
Grant
Hi Grant,
Love your episodes, big fan of yours for years now!
Your trapping episode (GDTV 10) has me interested. Our property is in NE Ohio and we’ve been managing it for a little over a decade now. One problem I’m having is the negative effect to the deer herd my Dad is creating through his passion for trapping. He is not a deer hunter and he loves to trap. He begins trapping in November and keeps at it through February, mostly muskrats, beavers, otters, coyotes, and coons.
Side Note: After watching your trapping show, I thought I’d point out the low fur prices are not all fur wide. With the cold winter we are having, the prices of muskrat and beaver are way up. He is averaging $11-$14 a muskrat at 2 recent fur sales and he is so pumped up about that! He sends most his fur to Canada for their sales and the Chinese buyers are where most the demand is coming from.
Back to my original thought and question….How much will the deer be affected by all the nonhunting activity on the property during and after season? I’ve always had a hunch that they relate any and all human activity to danger. Is this not true? Do you worry about this on your property? Do you recommend minimizing disturbance and “traffic” on your property only during hunting season or throughout the whole year? He has created such a maze of trails throughout our 700 acres because he is 64 and really can only trap by using the ATV vehicle to get to his spots. Frustrating, but maybe I shouldn’t worry about his doings so much, what do you think?
Thanks for everything,
Andy
Andy,
Wow, your Dad got a great price for his furs! The best prices quoted in Region 11 (includes Ohio and Missouri) are $8 for coyotes and $30 for bobcats. Such prices do not encourage most trappers to target these predators.
If I were you, I’d buy your Dad a tank of gas and tell him “thanks for trapping.” Remember that the presence of predators make deer remain very alert! If deer can avoid coyotes, they will be dang good at avoiding two-legged predators. Coyotes and bobcats also can remove a high percentage of the fawn crop. In fact, in a presentation earlier this week at the annual Deer Study Group, it was reported that coyotes removed more than 60% of fawns from two different study sites in South Carolina.
Another consideration is that deer can and do learn what is and is not a threat. Deer in many state parks are not alarmed by humans. Deer certainly become conditioned to vehicles that deliver feed, while avoiding all other vehicles on the same property. If your Dad checks his trap line at the same time daily, the deer probably know the noise of his ATV, and the smells associated with his trapping gear. If he has a long pattern of passing through the property without threatening the deer herd, it’s likely the deer are not bothered by him — they are conditioned to his presence. I’d say your Dad’s trapping is a benefit to the herd, and to you!
Growing Deer together,
Grant
Grant,
I enjoy looking at your site and the info that I learn. I was very interested in GDTV 10. Predators are a HUGE problem that I’m having on our family farm. What do you use to bait the traps with (the box traps and foot traps)? What do you do to trap the coyotes and bobcats? Any info you could give is greatly appreciated.
Thanks,
Kevin
Kevin,
I use inexpensive dog food when my target is raccoons, opossums, and skunks. It seems the inexpensive dog food has a stronger odor compared to the more costly brands. I want the “bait” to have enough odor to attract predators. However, of greater importance is placing the trap where the predator will be traveling! This includes scouting for sign, learning predator travel corridors, etc. Trapping literally makes me a better deer hunter. Unfortunately, Missouri’s coyote and bobcat season closed January 31st, so I can’t demonstrate my larger predator trapping techniques. I will show my coyote and bobcat trapping techniques next fall on GrowingDeer.tv.
When my target is coyotes, I prefer rancid meat. I usually place trimmings from a deer I processed in a bucket and hang it in an old barn. Once vultures begin circling the barn, I know it is ready! Bobcats on the other hand prefer very fresh meat. Trapping season just ended and I’m already excited about trapping next year (so are the deer and turkey at my place!).
Growing Deer together,
Grant
